"He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures."

In today's episode, we explore Grievance #11 in the Declaration of Independence, which condemns the deployment of British regular troops in American towns and cities during peacetime.

Topics include:

-the long British tradition disapproving of standing armies on British soil

-the long British tradition of allowing for political protest and dissent without fear of punishment by a standing army

-the cooperation between the British Army and Colonial militias during the 7 Years' War

-the reasons why King George deemed it necessary to station 10,000 British troops in the North American colonies after the end of the 7 Years' War, namely to manage the conflicts between eager colonists who wanted to expand westward and native peoples who wanted to hold the line

-the1768 riots in Boston after the seizure of John Hancock's ship, The Liberty, an event which then prompted the deployment of British troops

-the Boston Tea Party of 1773 and the British response to it: the declaration of martial law in 1774 followed by the Coercive Acts aka the Intolerable Acts, which were enforced by General Thomas Gage

-an explanation of the phrase "without the consent of our legislatures," which highlights both the role of colonial militias for self-defence and also the importance of the norma of legislative approval for any deployment of troops in the Colonies

Prof. Johnson's book can be found here:

[Occupied America: British Military Rule and the Experience of Revolution](https://www.pennpress.org/9780812252545/occupied-america/)

The cover image is a portrait of Gen. Thomas Gage, commander of British troops in North America until 1775.

"Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our Brittish brethren...They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, ENEMIES IN WAR, IN PEACE FRIENDS."

In this episode we explore Loyalist vs. Patriot Civil War during the Revolutionary War. Topics include:

-the outbreak of violence in Lexington and Concord in 1775 and the mustering of local militias, which forced Colonial men to decide whether they supported the revolution or the King

-the Sons of Liberty and the Committees of Correspondence, which urged fellow colonists both to support independence and also to engage in acts of protest against the British Empire

-an exploration of Loyalists and Loyalism

-British misjudgements about the extent to which Colonists--even mostly loyal Colonists--were in fact loyal to the King and satisfied with British military occupation

-the use and effectiveness of loyalty oaths, which were administered an the population by both sides in the conflict

-intrafamily division like that between Benjamin Franklin and his son, William, who was Governor of New Jersey and a fervent Loyalist, and that between the Patriot Officer Henry Knox and his wife's family, who were also fervent Loyalists

-the post-war reconciliation, reintegration, and intentional forgetting of Loyalists

***This episode was recorded live on 19 November 2025.***

This special episode explores the life and work of Mark Twain, one of the most iconic figures in American literature.

We discuss Twain’s career, his main interests, and his enduring impact on U.S. cultural history. A particular focus is his travels through Europe and Germany, which profoundly influenced both his writing and his worldview. Finally, we look at the modern reception and contemporary reinterpretations of Twain’s texts – and consider why his humor, satire, and social critique continue to resonate today.

The episode is introduced by Laura Langford, Chair of the Amerikazentrum.

Gottfried Haufe is a radio presenter, cultural manager and author. As a trained historian, English scholar and educationalist, many of his interests lie in the field of educational and mediation projects of all kinds. However, topics relating to art and culture, social co-operation, innovation and future prospects also play an important role for him.

Holger Kersten is Professor in the Department of Anglistik and Amerikanistik at the University of Halle. His work focuses on selected core issues in American literature and culture. In the context of literary studies, particular attention is paid to topics from the 19th century, including research on Mark Twain and naturalist authors of the turn of the century.

"And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, OUR FORTUNES, and our sacred Honor."

Why did the signers of the Declaration of Independence have to pledge their fortunes (their money) to the revolutionary cause?

How did unorthodox American ideas about money help win the Revolutionary War?

And were the Founding Fathers, in fact, the first crypto bros?

We explore these ideas in this episode about money, bills of credit, taxes and coinage in the 13 Colonies and the British Empire with economic historian Dr. Andrew Edwards.

Topics include:

-an explanation of money as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value

-a survey of the different forms of money that existed int he 1700s

-the use of the novel payment system of BILLS OF CREDIT to pay for military expeditions due to the shortage of gold and silver in the Colonies

-its use in the first invasion of French Canada in 1690 by Massachusetts

-early British thinkers about money in the 1600s, including Cromwell's Treasurer of the Army, John Blackwell

-the use of bills of credit and taxes to pay for Colonial infrastructure and other collective projects

-the creation of the Continental Dollar

-the fragility of the new American financial system, given that the British Army both captured entire regions, eliminating all the tax revenue there, and also printed counterfeit Continentals to undermine faith in the system

-the collapse of the Continental Dollar and the US financial system while the war was still raging

-the creation in 1781-82 of the Bank of North America in Philadelphia, which mimicked the Bank of England

-the eventual triumph of the English banking model despite the triumph of the Colonies in the War of Independence

In this episode, we explore the influence of Wales and Welsh immigrants on the Declaration of Independence with two expert guests from the University of Cardiff, Dr. Marion Loeffler and Dr. Huw Williams.

Topics include:

-the importance of preserving and expanding Welsh language and identity in the present

-an exploration of Welsh identity in the 1700s

-the tradition of Welsh religious dissenters which meshed with political non-conformity

-economic and political similarities and differences between Wales and Ireland in the 1700s

-confusions and conflations between English and Welsh identity

-an introduction to the Welsh philosopher Richard Price and his influence on Patriot political theory

-his pamphlet, Observations on Civil Liberty, which was published in Philadelphia the same week as the Declaration of Independence

-implications of both the French Revolution and the American Revolution for Wales

-differences between Price and the radical Welsh dissenter Morgan John Rhys, who founded the utopian Welsh colony of Cambria in Pennsylvania in 1794

"Irish men and Irish women, in the name of God and of the dead generations from which she receives her old tradition of nationhood, Ireland through us summons her children to her flag and strikes for her freedom.

She now seizes that moment and supported by her exiled children in America and by gallant allies in Europe, but relying in the first on her own strength, she strikes in full confidence of victory. Six times during the past 300 years, they have asserted it in arms. We hereby proclaim the Irish Republic as a sovereign, independent state."

-1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic

In this episode, we discuss the long and deep connections between Ireland and the United States.

Topics include:

-similarities and differences between the Irish Proclamation and the American Declaration of Independence

-the economic and political situation in Ireland in the 1700s

-the different concepts of independence in the Colonies and Ireland, from legislative independence under the British Crown to absolute independence

-the complicated story of Theobald Wolfe Tone, founder of the United Irishmen and leader of the Irish rebellion in 1798

-the gradual dissemination in Ireland of three radical ideas from the American Revolution: 1) that revolutions against the British Empire could, in fact, succeed, 2) that the republican model of national sovereignty--as opposed to a constitutional monarchy--was viable, and 3) that religious freedom was an attainable goal

"When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for ONE PEOPLE to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another..."

"Whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of THE PEOPLE to alter or to abolish it..."

In this episode, we explore the creation of the legal concept of THE PEOPLE with the right to overthrow their government.

Topics include :

-the tension in the British Empire between Whigs, who valued popular parliamentary power, and the Tories, who valued centralized royal power

-the organic development of the colonial legal system from a semi-formal, ad-hoc lay profession to a sophisticated, complex formal profession

-the evolution of legal arguments from those that justified dissent and resistance (1764-1774) to those that justified revolution and rebellion (1775-1776)

-legal lessons that American colonists learned from the harshness of British rule over Ireland

-legal lessons that American colonists learned from the corporatist model in Spanish America

-the Whig legal strategy to be broad in its definition of THE PEOPLE in order to include different social classes, different geographical regions, and different understandings of the law (from common, everyday concepts of rights and justice to highly technical concepts derived from constitutional law and legal scholarship)

This episode explores the complexity of Florida's colonial history, its relationship to African-Americans, and its importance during the War of Independence.

Our expert guest is Prof. Jane Landers (Vanderbilt University), who is also the Director of the Slave Societies Digital Archive.

Topics include:

-The importance of remembering African-American history in Spanish America

-An overview of Spanish colonial history, which is much older than Anglo-American history that began in Jamestown in 1619

-Spain's religious sanctuary policy, which granted African-American slaves freedom in Florida as far back as 1687

-The first Underground Railroad for enslaved Blacks, which led south to Spanish Florida not north

-The different models of slavery in Spanish colonies and the different ways enslaved people could free themselves

-The complex political, religious, economic, and military structures in Spanish colonies

-Indigenous migration from Anglo colonies to Spanish Florida

-The War of Jenkins' Ear (1739-1748) and the Battle of Bloody Mose (1740) near St. Augustine, during which free Africans fought with Spain to protect their freedom

-Spanish Florida during the French and Indian War (the Seven Years' War)

-The cession of Florida to Britain at the end of the War in 1763 and the subsequent migration of Carolina farmers with roughly 9,000 enslaved African-Americans to Florida and then the later transfer of additional enslaved Africans from Africa

-The exile of free Blacks from Florida to Cuba in 1763-64

-Spain's support of American Patriots in the War of Independence

-The deployment of exiled free Blacks, who had left Florida for Spanish-Cuba in 1763, to fight the British in Pensacola in 1777

-The return of Florida to Spain in 1784

-The drive by the US both to eliminate free black culture in Florida and also to institute a slave economy there

-The transfer of Florida to the new United States in 1821 and the second exile of free Blacks from Florida to other Spanish colonies

-An analysis of the phrase "all men are created equal" through the lens of the free inhabitants of Spanish Florida

In the second of our 2-episode series about Canada and the Declaration of Independence, historian Mark R. Anderson talks us through the invasion of "the neighbouring Province" of Canada as well as the third and final letter from the Continental Congress to the Inhabitants of Canada.

Topics include:

-The formation of the Continental Army in June of 1775 and the appointment of General Schuyler to invade (or liberate) Canada

-A description of the explanations offered by the Americans to the Canadas for the invasion, namely to protect their property rights and religious freedom, as well as to free them from oppression

-The redrawing of Canadian political opinion from British vs French sympathies to Loyalist vs. Patriot sympathies as a result of the invasion

-An overview of the Canadians who took up arms to fight with the 13 Colonies

-The official end of the invasion of Canada on 1 July 1776, just days before the Declaration of Independence

-John Adams' position that Canada would have joined the United Colonies had the Declaration been released at the start of the invasion and had ineffective politicians in Congress supported the invasion in a robust way

-The Canadian response to the Declaration of Independence

-The exile of the two Canadian regiments who supported the American army

-An overview of British (Canadian) Invasions of the United States

-Canadian reactions to the American victory in the Revolutionary War

The painting depicts the death of the American General Richard Montgomery, who was killed during the assault on Quebec City in December 1775.

"For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies."

In the first of this two-part episode about Canada and the rebellious Colonies, we discuss the important differences in the history, politics, religion, demographics, and economies of the two regions. Topics include the following

-The transfer of Canada from France to Britain after the Seven Years' War in 1763

-The complex process of integrating new British settlers and British law into French-Canadian society

-The Quebec Act of 1774, which allowed Quebecois (French-Canadian) religious and legal traditions to be maintained in British Canada

-The substance and consequences of the First Letter to the Inhabitants of Quebec, authorized by the First Continental Congress in October 1774

-The turbulent spring of 1775, including the Battle of Lexington and Concord on 19 April 1775, which was shortly followed by the official imposition of the Quebec Act on 1 May 1775

-The Second Letter to the OPPRESSED Inhabitants of Canada, authorized by the Second Continental Congress on 29 May 1775