In this episode, we explore the links between the Greek War of Independence (1821-1829) and the American War for Independence.

Topics include the following:

-Thomas Jefferson's life-long interest in Ancient Greek philosophy and political thought

-the broad influence of Ancient Greek thinkers on all of the American Founders

-an overview of Greek history, including the Orlov Revolt from 1770-1771

-the state of "Greece" in 1776

-Ottoman control over Greek/Christian communities and the slow realization in the 18th century that as the might of the Ottoman Empire declined there were opportunities to seek independence, particularly with the help of other European Christian powers

-the limited but significant contribution of Greeks in the American Revolution, such as Michel Dragon (Dracos)

-the reintroduction of Classical political ideas as well as the introduction of Enlightenment political theory into Greek territories, particularly by Greeks abroad

-the Greek Enlightenment

-factors leading to the outbreak of the Greek War for Independence in 1821

-conflicts among factions within the Greek patriot movement

-the unfolding challenges of the war, including the deployment of the Egyptian Army to crush the rebellion as well as the eventual acknowledgment of Christian European powers that they should assist the Greek patriots

-the official position of the new United States on Greek Independence, which was non-alignment and non-involvement with European entanglements

-the sympathetic view of the American people, who as private citizens provided money, aid, refuge, and military assistance to the Greek patriots

-the complicated and shifting boundaries and form of the new Greek state and the development of the modern Greek state over the course of the 19th century

Prof. Doumanis' books can be found here:

[Myth and Memory in the Mediterranean](https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230376953)

[A History of Greece](https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/history-of-greece-9781350457683/)

In today's episode we analyze the important political developments in Europe over the past couple of months.

**Parliamentary Elections in Sweden**
The Swedes elected a new parliament and hopefully a new Prime Minister. Who were the winners and losers? How did the Sweden Democrats fair?

**Referendum on Neutrality in Switzerland**
The Swiss voted on formalizing their long and strong tradition of neutrality, but it failed miserably--70%-30%. Are the Swiss more pragmatic than we thought?

**State Elections in Sachsen-Anhalt**
The people of Sachsen-Anhalt voted overwhelmingly for the far-right AfD-Alternative for Germany party, but fell just short of a majority. Can the AfD convince another party to help them form a government or will the firewall against the AfD hold? And why does the far right appeal to East Germans in a small, rural, and poor state with few immigrants?

**State Elections in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern**
The AfD also came in first in Meck-Pomm, but here the popular governor from the SPD will rely on the anti-AfD firewall to secure a center-left majority, without the help of the CDU who crashed out of the state parliament having failed to reach the 5% threshold. Does the collapse of the CDU forecast the end of Chancellor Merz's leadership of Germany? Can any of the centrist parties survive in this era of extremes?

**State Elections in Berlin**
Berliners seem to have elected a Zohran Mamdani-type politician in the form of Elif Eralp, from the left Die Linke party. Amongst other initiatives, she promises to buy back 40,000 apartments from large investors and reduce the cost of living in Germany's capital. Why did so many Berliners vote her and can she really achieve her goals? Also, amid accusations of anti-semitism in the ranks of Die Linke, should there be an AfD-like Brandmauer against the left?

**Chancellor Merz: Should He Stay or Should He Go?**
We end by discussing Merz's future.

"'All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.' This immortal statement was made in the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America in 1776. In a broader sense, this means: All the peoples on the earth are equal from birth, all the peoples have a right to live, to be happy and free." Ho Chi Minh, 2 September 1945

Today we explore the influence of the American Declaration of Independence on Vietnamese Independence, as seen in Ho's explicit references to the American Declaration in his own Declaration.

Topics include the following:

-a brief history of Vietnamese and Confucian history, politics, and culture

-the slow introduction of Western ideas into Vietnam, first via Catholic missionaries in the 1640s

-French imperialism in Vietnam during the 19th and 20th centuries

-contradictions between French political ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity and their imperial subjugation of the Vietnamese people

-the simultaneous emergence of both communist and non-communist independence movements in Vietnam

-the early life of Ho Chi Minh, his travels, and his presence at the founding of the French Communist Party in 1919

-Ho's training in Moscow as a Comintern agent and the founding of the Vietnamese Communist Party in Hong Kong in 1930, with Ho as its leader

-an exploration of the different competing visions of a post-imperial and independent Vietnam

-World War II and the Japanese occupation of Vietnam

-Ho's long absence from Vietnam--from 1911 to 1941--and his return during the Japanese occupation and his founding of the Viet Minh movement for independence

-the entry of the OSS into Vietnam with the goal of allying with anti-Japanese forces, including the Viet Minh

-OSS accounts of Ho's interest in the language and ideas expressed in the US Declaration of Independence

-the events leading to Ho Chi Minh's Vietnamese Declaration of Independence Speech on 2 September 1945

Prof. Zinoman's books can be found here:

[The Colonial Bastille, A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam, 1862-1940](https://www.ucpress.edu/books/the-colonial-bastille/hardcover)

[Vietnamese Colonial Republican, The Political Vision of Vu Trong Phung](https://www.ucpress.edu/books/vietnamese-colonial-republican/hardcover)

[Ho Chi Minh's Declaration of Vietnamese Independence](https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/ho-chi-minh/works/1945/declaration-independence.htm)

The cover image features a 1945 photo of Ho Chi Minh with members of the OSS, the precursor to the CIA.

"Wir halten diese Wahrheiten für ausgemacht, daß alle Menschen gleich erschaffen worden, daß sie von ihrem Schöpfer mit gewissen unveräusserlichen Rechten begabt worden, worunter sind Leben, Freiheit und das Streben nach Glückseligkeit."

-from one of the first German translations of the Declaration of Independence, Philadelphia, July 1776

In this episode, we explore the role of Germanic immigrants in the American Revolution. Topics include:

-the first reports and publications of the Declaration in German by Philadelphia printers, such as Heinrich Miller

-German literacy and German-language print-culture in the Colonies

-push factors influencing emigration our of Germanic territories, including economic, agricultural, political, and religious problems

-the different ways in which the interests of German immigrants and those of British-American colonists overlapped

-the different positions German immigrants took regarding the War for Independence

-the role of German pacifism and German religious sects in the conflict

[Hopeful Journeys: German Immigration, Settlement, and Political Culture in Colonial America, 1717-1775](https://www.amazon.com/Hopeful-Journeys-Immigration-Settlement-Political/dp/0812215486)

"A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people."

In this episode, we explore the Boston Tea Party, the global tea industry, British-American perceptions of tyrannical governments in Asia, and the Declaration of Independence.

Topics include the following:

-the connotations of the word "tyranny" in the Colonies

-the presumption in the Britain and the Colonies that "freedom" only meant being Protestant and living in a constitutional monarchy

-the East India Company, the tea trade, the cotton trade, and the Mughal Empire

-Colonial American consumer culture and the origins of ethical consumption movements

-the 7 Years' War, the Battle of Plassey (1757), and the conquest of Bengal by the East India Company

-the East India Company's role in the famine in Bengal in the late 1760s, which led to the deaths of millions of people there

-the Tea Act of 1773, which was an effort by the British government to generate revenue after the decline in income from the East India Company due to the famine

-the Boston Tea Party and the British reaction in the form of the Intolerable Acts

-reasons for Americans' long-standing distrust of giant, unaccountable corporations like the East India Company

[Selling Empire: India in the Making of Britain and America, 1600-1830](https://uncpress.org/9781469636177/selling-empire/)

The cover image depicts The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor, an 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier.

"I would be prepared to accept the status of independence for Cyprus on the condition that this status shall not be changed, either by union with Greece, by partition, or by any other way, unless the United Nations approves such a change." Archbishop Makarios, September 1958

In this episode, we explore connections between the American struggle for independence from Britain in 1776 and the Cypriot struggle for independence from Britain nearly 200 years later.

Here is a list of key terms, organizations, and people:

ENOSIS: the union of Cyprus with Greece
TAKSIM: the partition of Cyprus between Turkish and Greek populations
NATIONAL RADICAL UNION OF CYPRUS: precursor to EOKA
EOKA: the name of the Greek nationalist organization
TMT: the name of the Turkish nationalist organization
AKEL: the trade union party of Cyprus, with links to communism

Archbishop Makarios: Leader of the enosis movement and first president of Cyprus
Jason Loukianou: proponent of a liberal republic of Cyprus
Antonios Triantafyllides: lawyer and nationalist politician assassinated in 1934 for agreeing to participate in British Colonial Advisory Council
General Georgios Grivas: Greek nationalist and military leader of EOKA

Topics include:

-a brief history of modern Cyprus from 1776, during Ottoman rule (1570-1878), through British rule (1878-1960)

-the changing governance models in Cyprus and the evolving legal status of Cypriots while under British rule

-the re-introduction by the British of democratic practices, constitutional rule, and a liberal legal system into Cyprus

-the impact of the Great Depression on Cyprus

-the impact of WWII, the Greek Civil War, and the Cold War on Cyprus

Prof. Varnava's books can be found here:

[Assassination in Colonial Cyprus in 1934 and the Origins of EOKA](https://anthempress.com/books/assassination-in-colonial-cyprus-in-1934-and-the-origins-of-eoka-pb)

[British Cyprus and the Long Great War, 1914-1925: Empire, Loyalties and Democratic Deficit ](https://www.routledge.com/British-Cyprus-and-the-Long-Great-War-1914-1925-Empire-Loyalties-and/Varnava/p/book/9781138698321?fbclid=IwAR3EVpbAACDza6h6eIHrw1H5ghmBXeMRmEKGjtwGIaIgpG1wGVxBH-5Y36E)

[Serving the Empire in the Great War: The Cypriot Mule Corps, Imperial Loyalty and Silenced Memory](https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9781526103673/)

[ British Imperialism in Cyprus, 1878-1915: The Inconsequential Possession](https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9780719086403/)

The cover image depicts the British military hoisting the Union Jack in Nicosia, Cyprus, on 12 July 1878.

"At this very time, they are permitting their chief magistrate to send over not only soldiers of our common blood, but SCOTCH and foreign Mercenaries to invade and deluge us in blood." -From Jefferson's first draft of the Declaration of Independence

In this episode, we survey the history and importance of Scotland and Scottish people in Revolutionary America.

Topics include:

-anti-Scottish sentiment in the Colonies, particularly among Southern planters, like Jefferson, who were indebted to Scottish tobacco traders

-the origins of the "Pursuit of Happiness" in the Scottish Enlightenment

-explanations of Scots and the Scotch-Irish

-push and pull factors driving Scots and the Scotch-Irish to the Colonies

-the Jacobite Uprising in 1745 in Scotland and its consequences for Scotland and the 13 Colonies

-the revolutionary continuity among the various British upheavals of the 1600s and 1700s along with the American Revolution

-the Scottish tobacco trade

-the reception of the Declaration in Scotland

-wider implications of the Declaration on Scottish politics

-The connection or lack of connection between the Scottish Declaration of Arbroath in 1320 and the US Declaration

Prof. Francis Cogliano's books can be found here:

[Revolutionary America, 1763.1815: A Political History](https://www.routledge.com/Revolutionary-America-1763-1815-A-Political-History/Cogliano/p/book/9781032150321)

[The American Revolution at 250](https://www.upress.virginia.edu/title/10183/)

The cover image features one of the Scottish Founders, John Witherspoon. Witherspoon was born in East Lothian, Scotland, in 1723. In 1768, he emigrated to New Jersey to become the President of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton). A staunch republican and Presbyterian, he believed that resisting tyranny was the duty of Christians. He signed the Declaration of Independence on behalf of the citizens of New Jersey in 1776.

“The Mexican Nation, which for three hundred years has not had its own will, nor the free use of its voice, rises today from the oppression in which it has lived… [The Mexican Nation] solemnly declares, through its Supreme Junta of the Empire, that it is a Sovereign Nation and independent from old Spain, with which, in the future, it will not maintain another union but that of a close friendship, in the terms prescribed by international treaties…”

-Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire (1821)

In today's episode, we explore the actual and perceived influence of the American Revolution on Spanish American revolutions.

Topics include:

-the debate over the influence of the American Revolution on subsequent Latin American independence movements

-the history of New Spain (aka Mexico)

-an exploration of the Age of Revolutions in Latin America, beginning with Venezuela in July 1811

-critiques of the claim that the US Declaration of Independence acted as a model for Latin American declarations of independence

-the very different cultural, political, economic, and religious contexts that influenced American and Latin American

-differences in British and Spanish forms of imperial governance, which led to different outcomes for the self-rule of the new United States and the new Latin American nations

-the fact the representative institutions, local assemblies, and democratic cultures did not exist in the Spanish Empire--and were therefore difficult to create after the Latin American independence movements

-a unique aspect of the Mexican insurgency as opposed to the American revolt, namely that the Mexican leaders were conservative Catholic priests, Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Maria Morelos

-the impact of the new liberal Spanish Constitution, the Constitution of Cadiz of 1812, on Spanish America

-the story of Agustin de Iturbide, or Agustin 1, the first emperor of Mexico

-a reconsideration the claim that the American Revolution was influential in Spanish America

The cover image depicts the Congress of Chilpancingo, which issued Mexico's first semi-official Declaration of Independence in 1813.

"When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation."

In this episode, we discuss the historical and philosophical origins of the Declaration of Independence.

Topics include:

-an explanation of the importance of John Locke, natural rights, and natural law

-references to the state of nature and the social contract in the Declaration

-the right of revolution and the duty of revolution against an unjust government

-how the right of revolution applies to enslaved people

-Jefferson's intellectual conundrum: how can slavery be allowed to exist when all men are created equal, when all men are created free, and when all men have the right to rebel against a tyrannical government--at least according to natural law theory

-reframing the "pursuit of happiness" as the right of the people to abolish a government or to leave a nation in order to form a new one--that is to say, the natural right of expatriation

-understanding the Declaration as a pragmatic and practical political document as opposed to an abstract and idealistic philosophical document

-grievances #5 and #6 in the Declaration

-an explanation of the exclusions of in the Declaration

-Jefferson's justifications why Native Americans and enslaved people should not be a part of the new American social contract

Prof. Sarson's book can be found here:

[The Course of Human Events: The Declaration of Independence and the Historical Origins of the United States](https://www.upress.virginia.edu/title/10151/)

The cover image depicts Jefferson in 1786. The painting is by Mather Brown.

"Happiness" is mentioned twice in the opening lines of the Declaration of Independence, but what does it mean?

In this episode, Prof. Darrin McMahon, best-selling author of _Happiness: A History_, outlines the history of happiness and its various meanings.

Topics include:

-the history of the word in English and other languages

-happiness in the classical Greek and Roman philosophical traditions

-happiness in the Judeo-Christian and Buddhist traditions

-Enlightenment concepts of human happiness from thinkers like John Locke, Jeremy Bentham, William Blackstone, and Isaac Newton

-the opposition between happiness and suffering in the Declaration

-happiness in the Epicurean and Stoic traditions

-Jefferson's understanding of happiness and the views of other Founders

-enslaved, indigenous, and enslaved perspectives on happiness

Prof. McMahon's books can be found here:

[Happiness: A History](https://www.amazon.com/Happiness-History-Darrin-M-McMahon/dp/0802142893)

[Equality: The History of an Elusive Idea](https://www.amazon.de/Equality-History-Darrin-M-McMahon/dp/0465093930)

[Divine Fury: A History of Genius](https://www.amazon.de/Divine-Fury-Darrin-M-McMahon/dp/0465003257)